Earth’s Magnetic Field and Oxygen Levels Linked in Unexpected Discovery

Scientists have found a significant correlation between Earth’s magnetic field and atmospheric oxygen levels, suggesting a deeper connection between these phenomena. This groundbreaking research, spanning hundreds of millions of years, could offer valuable insights into the conditions that support life on other planets.

Parallel Evolution Unveiled

Research conducted by scientists from the Goddard Space Flight Center, linked the planet’s magnetic field to the levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. They discovered that both factors developed in tandem over the past 540 million years. This finding suggests a shared underlying geophysical or geochemical process remains unknown.

The study analyzed data showing significant increases in both the geomagnetic field’s strength and oxygen concentrations. A notable peak occurred between 330 and 220 million years ago. The scientists still can’t determine if one influences the other or if a third, unknown element is at play.

“This is the first discovery we have had to establish the link between the geomagnetic field and the oxygen level,”

—Weijia Kuang, Lead Author

According to the U.S. Geological Survey, atmospheric oxygen is currently at about 21% (USGS, 2024). The researchers used datasets that covered the last 540 million years. They assessed oxygen levels using fossilized coal. Magnetic field intensity was documented using magnetic footprints preserved in old rocks.

The Connection’s Importance

The study’s authors, Weijia Kuang and Ravi Kopparapu, assert that comprehending this relationship is vital. It may help identify the basic requirements for life on other planets. The research team noted the need for further study to determine if one factor directly affects the other, or if an unknown element is involved.

The Earth’s magnetic field functions as a shield against space weather. This shield protects essential molecules, including oxygen, by preventing solar particles from eroding the atmosphere. It also safeguards photosynthetic organisms, which are the primary oxygen producers, from extreme radiation like X-rays and ultraviolet radiation.

If atmospheric oxygen impacts the magnetic field, the process could be connected to the Earth’s internal dynamics. Plate tectonics could alter the intermediate layer’s chemical and thermal composition. This, in turn, could affect the activity in the liquid external nucleus, where the geomagnetic field is generated.